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第36章论公民的不服从(1)
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CivilDisobedience
亨利·大卫·梭罗HenryDavidThoreau
亨利·大卫·梭罗(1817—1862),杂文家、诗人、自然主义者、改革家和哲学家。
生于马萨诸塞州的康科德,毕业于哈佛大学,曾担任中学校长。
1846年7月,梭罗居住在瓦尔登湖边时,当地的警官找到他,让他支付投票税,尽管数年来他已经行使了这项权利,但是梭罗拒绝支付税款。
当夜,警官把他关在康科德的监狱里。
第二天,梭罗的姨母帮他缴清税款,他便获释了。
不过,他表明了他的观点:他不能向一个容许奴隶制存在并且侵略他国(墨西哥)的政府交税。
他于1849年发表了下面这篇演说稿,为自己的行为进行辩护。
当时,这篇文章没有引起什么反响。
但是到了19世纪末,这篇文章却成为公认的经典之作,并赢得国际性的声誉。
列夫·托尔斯泰、圣雄甘地、马丁·路德·金等人都对它推崇备至。
&heHole
&hesenewwordsbeforeyoureadthisarticle.
1.systematicallyadv.有组织地;有计划地;有条不紊地
2.iadj.不妥当的;不适当的;不明智的
3.san.批准,认可
4.monar.君主统治,君主制度;君主国
&ilyacceptthemotto,“Thatgoverisbestwhisleast”
,andIshouldliketoseeitaorerapidlyaically.Carriedout,itfinallyamountstothis,whichalsoIbelieve,“Thatgoverisbestwhisnotatall”
,andaredforit,thatwillbethekiwhichthewillhave.Goverbestbutamostgoversareusually,andallgoverimes,iheobjeswhichhavebeenbroughtagainstastandingarmy,andtheyaremay,aoprevail,mayalsoatlastbebroughtagainstastahestandingarmyisonlyanarmofthestahegoverself,whiodewhichthepeoplehavetoexecutetheirwill,isequallyliabletobeabusedaedbeforethepeopleactthroughit.WitMexiwar,theworkofparativelyafewindividualsusiaastheirtool;fori,thepeoplewouldedtothismeasure.
ThisAmerient—whatisitbutatradition,thougharee,eotransmititselfuerity,buteatlosisihasyandforceofasinglelivingman;flemaohiswill.Itisasortofwoodenguhemselves.Butitisnotthelessnecessaryforthis;forthepeoplemusthavesomeplicatedmaeryorother,asdin,tosatisfythatideaofgoverwhichtheyhave.Goversshowthushowsuccessfullymenbeimposedupon,evehemselves,fortheirownadvaisext,wemustallallow.Yetthisgoverselffurtheredaerprise,butbythealacritywithwhichitgotoutofitsway.Itdoeshetryfree.Itdoes.ItdoeshecharaherentintheAmeripeoplehasdohasbeenaplished;anditwouldhavedomore,ifthegoverhadinitsway.Foverisa,bywhiwouldfaiiheralone;and,ashasbeensaid,whenitismostexpedient,thegoveraloradeaheywerenotmadeofIndianRubber,wetobouacleswhichlegislatorsareuallyputtingintheirway;aojudgethesemenwhollybytheeffectsoftheiradnotpartlybytheiriheywoulddeservetobedpuhosemischieviouspersonswhoputobstrutherailroads.
But,tospeakpractidasa,uhosewhocallthemselvesmen,Iaskfor,notato,butatoergovereverymanmakeknownwhatkiwoulda,andthatwillbeoowardobtainingit.
&hepractiwhy,whenthepowerisohehandsofthepeople,amajorityarepermitted,andfperiodue,toruleisheyaremostlikelytobei,hisseemsfairesttotheminority,butbecausetheyarephysicallythestroagoverinwhichthemajorityruleibebasedonjustiasfarasme.therenotbeagoverinwhichthemajoritiesdonotvirtuallydeciderightandwrong,butwhichmajoritiesdelythosequestionstowhichtheruleofexpediencyisapplicable?Musttheeverforamoment,oridegree,resignhiscetothelegislator?Whyhaseverymana?Ithinkthatweshouldbemenfirst,aerward.Itisocultivatearespectforthelaw,somuchasfht.TheonlyobligationwhichIhavearighttoassumeistodoatahinkright.
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